the differences and similarities of the uprisings of the khawārij in sistan and iraq in the umayyad period

as one of the influential groups in the incidents of the early centuries ah, khawārij appeared for the first time during the caliphate of imam ‘alī (a.s.) and in the process of the battle of ṣaffain as an independent cult that stood up in opposition to arbitration (ḥakamiyyat). upon the transfer of caliphate to the umayyad, the khawārij stood up against them from the very beginning and developed various uprisings against the umayyad. for this reason, they were prosecuted by the umayyad rulers and a group of them were forced to escape to the surrounding countries, including iran. sistan was regarded as one of the most important regions under the influence of the khawārij in iran during the umayyad period. while examining the underlying factors of the uprisings of the khawārij in the two regions of sistan and iraq, this article undertakes to make a comparative study of the factors of similarities and differences of the uprisings of the khawārij in these two regions. accordingly, the basic question of this article is: “what similarities and differences did the uprisings of the khawārij have in sistan and iraq during the umayyad period?” the finding of this article is that although the uprisings of the khawārij in sistan and iraq were similar in battle style and were defeated for similar reasons, they had different ideologies, goals, structures, and core concepts and ultimately created different results in the society of the umayyad caliphate era.